Outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 02133 Essay - 1

Outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 02133 - Essay Example The main competitors and their product mix are also analyzed. This is followed by an in depth analysis of the company in terms of the 4ps, SWOT, PESTEL of external environment of the company. This is followed by a strategic analysis of the company and designing objectives of the company derived from SWOT. After performing these, future marketing strategy of the company is designed. Market analysis and past performance evaluation plays an important role in determining the future strategies of a company. The current paper is an effort towards understanding the market conditions existing in the fruit juice sector in the U.K, the U.S and globally so that suitable marketing strategies can be formulated for Atlantic Quench Cranberry for the coming year. The paper takes into consideration vivid description of the fruit juice industry. Accordingly suitable strategies are laid down which can facilitate the firm to grow in the coming years. The beverage sector is subject to frequent changes and therefore it becomes essential to frequently analyse the trends and accordingly adopt changes. PEST analysis is a useful tool for understanding the conditions existing in the external environment. Changes in external environmental conditions such as political, economical, social and technical may either cause organizations to grow or lead to losing their market strength. For such reasons, PEST analysis is a widely used system by organizations across the globe for strategic evaluation. The political framework existing in the nations of U.K and the U.S are quite stable and supportive towards growth. However the governments of both the nations are seen to impose immense tax burdens, especially post the financial crisis times. This has restricted the economic spending of the people in general. Interest rates have also increased on loans provided to organizations. This may impact the growth related activities for Atlantic Quench. The company may be required to depend upon internal

Easy Jet: Company Operation Strategy

Easy Jet: Company Operation Strategy This report is about the Easy Jet airline company operation strategy and illustrates it order winner qualifier and its supply chain management. Easy Jet, creation of Stelios Haji-Ioannou, the son of a Greek shipping magnate who founded the company, based on the low-cost, no-frills model of the US carrier Southwest, in 1995. In November 1995, Easy Jet started flights from Luton to Glasgow and Edinburgh with two leased Boeing 737-300s with at a price of  £29 one way. As it was the beginning Easy Jet acted as a virtual airline which contracts in everything from pilots to check-in staff. Reservations and Seats are being sold over a telephone reservation system only. In 1996 Easy Jet takes delivery of its first wholly owned aircraft and goes international with first services to Amsterdam from Luton. In 1997 Easy Jet launched its website, www.easyjet.com which than from 1998 onwards form an vital part of the business concept and this provides for some 90% of the bookings today. In Janua ry 1999 first of five Airline series is transmitted on ITV, giving the company nationwide opening to an audience of around nine million viewers, providing free publicity. Now Easy Jet offers 88 routes from 36 European airports. Easy Jet further expanded its fleet and routes by acquiring British Airways low-cost subsidiary Go. The grouping deal was completed in August 2002 and created Europes biggest low-cost airline, before rival Ryanair. Easy Jet main focuses is to provide its customers with safe, good value, point-to-point air services. Easy Jet offers a regular and reliable product and fares appealing to leisure and business markets on a range of European routes. To attain this they will develop their citizens and set up lasting associations with their suppliers. The achievement of Easy Jet is based on some fundamental trade features which save costs, at the same time as continuing to attract people flying. Easy Jet uses internet for online booking and issuing of travel vouchers which in returns saves enormous fees normally paid to travel agents. The www.easyJet.com web site is open for business 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year for public and this website is designed as user friendly for providing better services. Easy Jet offers one-price, one-way tickets, giving passengers greater litheness, not forcing them passengers to be away from home. If any changes to be made in tickets Easy Jet only charges  £10. Easy Jet focus on the short term travel business and focuses only on the 149 seats Boeing 737 aircraft. This operation strategy maximises services, whilst dropping maintenance costs. Easy Jet prefers smaller, less congested airports where landing charges are lower and turnaround times are faster. Easy Jet does not offer free in-flight food or drinks. Snack food and drinks can be bought before or during the flight. Easy Jet favours an casual business culture with a very flat administration configuration, which eliminates unnecessary and une conomical layers of organization. All workforces are encouraged to dress casually, (Source: www.easyjet.com). In order to maintain the good reputation and to maximise the profit company needs to make and maintain long term plans, and this plan includes company goals and understanding challenges so that to get best outcome from the implemented strategies and to differentiate companies from its competitors. As in this competitive world, internet based and global open market, it is very essential for companies to have a clear plan for attaining their targets (Hill, 2005). To maintain the shareholder value so called business strategy, for the success of company business strategy must be supported by others operations like finance, administration and marketing. Like a football team, players support the team strategy same in the company everyone role in the company supports the business strategy. Operation strategy is long term plan for the operation function that helps in outlining the design, procedure and making sure the correct use of resource and man power to support the business strategy. Operation strategy must be aligned with the business strategy to get the best of the best outcome. For the smooth running of operation and maximising the profit it must be known that what customers company is serving, what are the companies values. Secondly market environment must be known, markets trends, economic status of the market, political values and trends in the society. Environmental scanning let the company knows to explore opportunities and treats, exploring gaps in what consumers need and what competitors are doing to fulfil those requirements (Waller, 2003). Operation strategy can be formulated when business strategy is finalized. Operation strategy of Easy Jet can be best illustrated on its order winners and order qualifiers. Order winner and qualifiers are both very much important, with the order qualifier an organisation needs to qualify and re-qualify to stay in competition and in the market, order winner and qualifier is based on time and depended on market status, so they both changes over the time in the market, (Hill, 2005). Order winners and order qualifiers are the backbone for the successful operation management, (Hill, 2005). The first and main order winning of Easy Jet is low cost, it means that Easy Jet offers services at a low cost and prices, and this is their main business strategy, and this strategy helps Easy Jet to maximise its profit margin by implementing low cost strategy. Easy Jet mostly focuses on cutting costs in their operations, like reducing labour cost, materials and other facilities which can be avoided in providing services. Easy Jet emphasises on giving some extra training to employees to get the maximum outcome and lowering the fragment. Facilities which are provided by Easy Jet are rationalized, using mostly single type of airlines so that minimizing the cost on maintenance of different types of aeroplanes also routes of Easy Jet are mostly short so it can help Easy Jet to minimise cost of crew changes, maintenance, inventories of parts and many other administrative charges whi ch varies from airport to airport. Easy Jet mainly uses low crowded airports and prefers secondary airports in major cities to avoid high administrative charges. Mainly route is point to point so that they dont have to invest extra on onward connection for passengers and baggage. No meals provided and passengers can buy what they want on board and no printed boarding passes to avoid convolution and speed up ticketing and boarding. Easy Jet human resource department also plays important role in this strategy, they train newly employees to perform multi tasks and emphasis on team work to maximise the customer services. Quality of service is Easy Jet order qualifier as their strategy focuses on the service regularity which means how much their quality fulfils customers demands and single class configured cabins. Dependability is order qualifier for Easy Jet, as Easy Jet fast and reliable deliveries of parcels across Europe in low cost gives them strength to attain and sustain their cus tomers. Flexibility is the order winner for Easy Jet as they provide wide range of basic and frequent services, changes the volume of services and changing the timings of services to fulfil the customers demands. Low cost administration gives them to attain maximum profit and Easy Jet focuses on entirely IT system which can accessed from anywhere in the world so they are embraced with the concept of paperless offices. Strong work force, highly trained, quick responsive to the customers, flexible in performing multi-tasking and strong customer and technical capabilities of the employees are the order qualifiers of Easy Jet. Low price of tickets is the order winner of Easy Jet, Easy Jet offers very cheap tickets to different destinations of Europe as compare to the other airlines, which not only attract more customers but also this strategy playing important role in maximizing their profit as Easy Jet already reduced other unwanted costs. Using of latest IT system is order qualifier f or Easy Jet, Internet has greatly uplifted electronic commerce and deeply linked customers and suppliers. Minimising the overall journey time is order winner for Easy Jet, fast turnaround keeps Easy Jet services continue for high earning and avoiding its planes to return to main point, and by doing so it has its number of flights increased with low number of planes. Consistency and reliability is the order qualifier for Easy Jet as more than 90% of the flights arrived within 15 minutes which is nearly equal to British Airways. Easy Jet increased its customer service and save  £750,000 on existing functioning costs by signing an on demand CRM deal with Right Now Technologies. With Europes leading low-cost airline growing its passenger volume by 20% each year, additional operational costs will be achieved with a series of on-going modern customer service projects. At first Easy Jet will set up Right Now Serviceà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ across all seven of its European web sites to help manage the linked enlargement in customer communication, (Source: DataMonitor). For the successful business there must be interactions and collaboration between operations and marketing. The operations department are accountable for providing the order-winning and order-qualifying criteria identified by marketing group, that empower products to win orders in the open market. This process starts with the corporate strategy and ends with the standards that either keeps the company in the running order qualifiers, (Hill,2005). The main airport for Easy Jet is Luton airport. Although Easy Jet flights to many Europe major cities, Easy Jet still misses some important airports to stay like London Heathrow airport. People who live in London, this is a very problematic point to move to Luton airport to get the flights. Although by this Easy Jet save extra charges but loses some customers as well so at one side Easy Jet saves money on other side it loses customers. Online booking service is indeed order winner for Easy jet but some elder people and people who dont use internet find difficult and not very convenience to book, so Easy Jet must have telephone line services for booking which will not cost them much but this service will indeed attract more customers and booking services of Easy jet will be more user friendly, and this use of IT services and online booking services can become their order winner for the company. Low cost air tickets is order winner for Easy jet as they dont have any interaction with tr avel agents but as the flying demands are getting more and more day by day so Easy Jet needs to establish some business to business relationship with travel agencies to attain more customers especially corporate customers which normally get tickets from travel agencies, (Source: easyjet.com). From 1995 until now, Easy Jet has increased their aircrafts from only two to 92 aircraftsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’including 21 aircrafts of Airbus A319, 33 aircrafts of Boeing 737-700 and 38 aircrafts of Boeing 737-300, at the end of September 2004. And for the expansion of its market, they prepare to increase their Airbus aircraft to 117 during the next three years. As the airline industry of whole world is not prosperity after 9/11 attacks. So that the aircraft deal from, Easy Jet is a very big deal for the suppliers and there is really big benefit for the suppliers. From this point, it is clear that bargaining power of Easy Jet is higher than the suppliers. The direct point of Easy jet supply chain management is to deliver the exact material to the precise position at the right time. The next objective is to manage the parts, procurement and supply chain function as resourcefully as achievable. At this time the company divided its service into seven segments, Parts trading, allotment, additio nal remarketing, preliminary provisioning and sourcing, inventory letting, revamp managing, stockroom and logistics. With the integrated supply chain concept, instead of providing these functions on an individual or a little at a time basis. Easy Jet offers a sustain alternative that embraces the whole range of its various services. It helps in holding much more functions an operator requires in a consistent overall plan that is shaped in alliance with the airline, (Harvard Business Review). So according to Porters generic strategies, which is purely based features of the operation of Easy Jet, main operation strategy the Easy Jet engaged is focus cost management, which is called low cost, no frills,(www. www.bized.co.uk) So it concluded that Easy Jet adopted simple straight forward low cost strategy, minimizing and avoiding unwanted cost to be in competition with other airlines operating in the sky. Easy Jet operation strategy mainly works with effect because quick and on time turnaround, cheap services, avoiding paper work like paper used in ticketing during boarding and reduced the cost of travel agents. Numbers of planes are few but utilisation rate is perfect and exact, mainly using low rate airports for landing and take-off. Some threats and risks are there for Easy Jet, as time goes on and Easy jet gets bigger and renewal of contracts needed so there are chances of raise in cost. Easy Jet key to success is remaining undemanding so that cost can be remained low and keep the usage of planes high so that they can guarantee their constant profit and quality service. References:- Hill,T. (2005), Operation Management, Plagrave Macmillan NewYork. Waller, L.D. (2003), Operation Management, Gray Publishing Kent. Information available on www.easyjet.com, accessed on 10th December 2010. Information available on www.datamonitor.com, accessed on 25th November 2010. Information available on www.crm2day.com, accessed on 15th November 2010. Afuah, A. and Tucci, C. 2002, Internet Business Models and Strategies: Text and cases, 2nd edition, McGraw Hill Information available on www.businessteacher.org.com, accessed on 15th December 2010. Journal paper of Harvard Business Review, Strategies to flights low cost rivals. Information available on www.www.bized.co.uk, accessed on 25th December 2010. Information available on www.www.docshare.com, accessed on 25th December 2010.

Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeth as Tragic Hero The character of Macbeth is a classic example of a Shakespearean tragic hero.   There are many factors which contribute to the degeneration of Macbeth of which three will be discussed.   The three points which contribute greatly to Macbeth's degeneration are the prophecy which was told to him by the witches, how Lady Macbeth influenced and manipulated Macbeth's judgment, and finally Macbeth's long time ambition which drove his desire to be king.   Macbeth's growing character degenerates from a noble man to violent individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The prophecies which were told by the witches were one of the factors which contributed to the degeneration of his character.   If it had not been for the witches telling him that he was to be Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Glamis, and King of Scotland, Macbeth would still be his ordinary self.   As a result of the prophecies, this aroused Macbeth's curiosity of how he could be King of Scotland.   As the play progresses, Macbeth slowly relies on the witches prophecies.   Shakespeare uses the witches as a remedy for Macbeth's curiosity which corrupts his character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The influence of Macbeth's wife, Lady Macbeth also contributed to his degeneration of character.   Lady Macbeth's character in the beginning reveals that she is a lovable person. When Lady Macbeth was ready to kill King Duncan herself, it showed that Lady Macbeth could not murder King Duncan because he reminded her of her father.   This proves that Lady Macbeth has a heart deep inside her.   Lady Macbeth plays an important role in this play because she provided a scheme which caused Macbeth to assassinate King Duncan.   After Macbeth had killed King Duncan, he later regrets on his wrong doing.   At the point of this play the audience can note the change in Macbeth's character. Macbeth's first murder was a trying experience for him, however after the first murder, killing seemed to be the only solution to maintain his reign of the people of Scotland. Therefore, it was Lady Macbeth who introduced the concept of murder to Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth's ambition also influenced his declining character. However, Macbeth's ambition had not been strong enough to carry the motive to kill King Duncan.   Lady Macbeth's influence also comes in to play because if not for Lady Macbeth, his ambition would not have been intensified enough to drive him to obtain and maintain his title of King of Scotland no matter what it took, even if it meant murdering.

Classroom Management Essay

Introduction This paper will present the importance of setting standards within the classroom. Transitioning is one the most important part of planning. Without a classroom management students will not understand the role that they play within the classroom community. I believe the one of the most important details in the development of lesson planning is implementing effective transitioning to minimize behavior problems. Students need to in a positive and encouraging environment for them to succeed and setting high expectations for them. Establishment of rules The purpose of setting classroom rules is to create a safe yet challenging environment. I believe that educators should strive daily to meet the needs of students spiritually, socially and mentally. The theoretical foundation applied by an educator is like a roadmap that enables the students to arrive at their intended educational expectations. An educator’s theoretical foundation should be precise, integrated and complete. Such a model should consider each aspect of students being. When God created man, He made man in His own image. Man is a spiritual being, who possesses a soul that lives inside a body. And yes, having an established prevention class makes it all possible. Gaining students trust and respect is a very critical first step in creatinine a positive learning environment. If I can have respect for my students as well as having them respecting each other, I believe this leads to a safe environment where learning can take place. I believe that students should be a part of creating the classroom rules because they will be more likely to comply. By creating the rules they will have a personal and moral connection. In kindergarten the students learned the school rules and of course they would have to be implemented throughout their school career as a student. The first grade daily rules will be posted at the appropriate eye level so that students have easy access to the rules. The rules will be posted and consistently followed throughout the school year. I will discuss the rules, consequences, and rewards with the class daily. It is imperative that I set the expectations of the classroom immediately. This will be ongoing practice throughout the school year. I will also encourage the parents to go over the classroom expectations at home. As we begin to create the classroom rules, I will model/discuss with the students what a good classroom rule looks like. For example creating mini lesson that include possible scenario’s along with consequences as a result of the unwarranted behaviors. This way they understand what is expected of them when creating the rules. I will explain to the students that I will develop the first five of the six classroom rules. I will write all the rules of the board and in a student centered discussion ask why they think this rule is important. The first rule is to follow directions the first time that they are given. Second, listen when others are talking at all times. Third, raise your hand and wait to be called on before responding. Fourth, work quietly and do not disturb others. Fifth, you must keep our hands to yourself at all times. Each day student’s will have a chance to earn â€Å"smile sticks. † Smile sticks can easily be earned whenever a student is displaying appropriate behavior by: following directions, walking quietly in the hallway, helping others, etc. At the end of each week, smile sticks are counted and each student with 8 or more sticks will get a chance to pull from the treasure chest. Parents will be notified daily of positive and negative experiences. Daily Routine On the second day of school will go over the rules discussed on the first day and revisit the class tour. On this day, I will go over the morning routine that is displayed daily within the classroom. The students will be asked to come in and immediately select their breakfast and begin to eat. The students as well as parents will receive information on the time breakfast is served, and the amount of time provided to students. Next, I will discuss and model the appropriate items to bring into the classroom from the lockers located within the classrooms. I will next discuss the importance of attendance and being tardy to school. Then I will discuss/model and teach appropriate procedures for sharpening pencils, restroom, and turning in assignments. Parents will receive a welcome letter that tells about me. The parents’ will also receive a school handbook and classroom expectations. Setting daily routines is important for all grade level students but especially lower L students. On the third day we will get to know each other and I will provide an assignment â€Å"getting to know me† the students will take this assignment home for homework. This sheet will allow them to go home and complete with their parents and come to school ready to share. I will store the assignment within their file so that I can always use it as a reference guide. The classroom tour Each day within the first week of school it is important that students get comfortable with their new environment. We will take a classroom tour and learn where all resources and materials are within the classroom. Once we have gone through a tour and I explained as well the demographics of things, we will do a quick assessment. I will choose a student by pulling Popsicle sticks randomly. An example of this assessment is to simply ask questions. For example: â€Å"If I need to find my writing journal, where would I go to retain it? † This exercise would give students moving about within the classroom and getting comfortable and familiar with the placement of various tools and resources. Transitions Students often find it difficult to transitions between assignments and changes class periods. I have witnessed difficulties at all age levels and it is a task that must be made smooth by all teachers. According to Kellough & Jarolimek, smooth transitions can be facilitated by implementing structured activities that help students make these transitions. Transitions are less trouble when teachers plan them carefully during their preactive phase of instruction and write them into their lesson plan. (Kellough & Jarolimek, 2013) A significant stumbling block to the flow of instruction is in attention to transitions between activities, lessons, subjects, or class periods. It is here that teachers are likely to feel that they are less effective in maintaining the flow of instruction. Effective transitions are structured to move students from one activity to another, both physically and cognitively. The goal of smooth transitions is to ensure that all students have the materials and mind-sets they need for a new activity The start of the day students will begin their bell work assignment on a daily basis. Once bell-work is completed then students will begin journal writing based on a selected topic. During transition periods the student will be able to earn table points. The table with the most points at the end of the week have to opportunity to pick a prize from the treasure box. The transition procedure will be explained throughout the school year. Once we complete the lesson the students have two minutes to prepare for the table point game. Preparation includes putting away their current supplies and sitting as an effective leader and finally pause. The table that is prepared in this manner first, gets an opportunity to answer the first question in the point game. With this activity I am able to assess the students’ knowledge of the prior lesson as well engage them in a fun activity. Using transitions as a tool to help maintain the flow of instruction will ensure meaning instruction. During the transition for lunch, I will set clear and concise directions through-out our daily interactions. Twenty minutes before lunch the students will wrap up their math lesson and collect reading material from their baskets (DEAR). Students will begin to line up once their table is called and will proceed to the lunchroom. Conclusion Today most classrooms suffer do to a lack of effective planning in the area of classroom management. A classroom prevention plan is imperative to having a successful year and students reaching the goals set forth by educators. I believe that if students are a part of creating the classroom rules, they will be less likely to fall short of following the rules. On the first day of school first graders are for of energy, nervous and anxious of what’s to come ahead. Parents are standing in the door way afraid to say goodbye but excited for the journey that their first grader is about to embark on. Establishing a structured environment in the beginning and allowing the parent and students to have access to clear rules and expectation is the recipe for a successful school year! References Van Brummelen, H. (2009). Walking with God in the Classroom: Christian Approaches to Teaching and Learning. Colorado Springs, CO: Purposeful Design Publications. Kellough, R. D. , & Jarolimek J. (2005). Teaching and learning K-8: a guide to methods and resources (9th ed. ). New York: Macmillan.

Parthenon marbles

Marbles are a collection of classical Greek marble sculptures, Inscriptions and architectural members. This collection was originally part of the Parthenon temple and other buildings around It on the Acropolis of Athens, Greece. They are a masterpiece for ancient Greek art and a treasure for the world. Those statues as always been part of the Pantheon complex until the Turkish conquered Greece and gained the power allover its artifacts and properties.It had been relatively easy for Thomas Bruce, the seventh earl of Elgin, Britain, to buy from the Ottomans' ambassador a wide range of art pieces for a low price. He removed 56 pieces from the temple's frieze, 15 mottoes, and 17 pediment sculptures, plus a caryatid and a column from a nearby temple; and he exported them in his own courtyard. After few year he found himself forced to sell the collection to the British nation which deposited It In the British Museum for safekeeping, where It Is still today.But long before their arrival In England those statues had been battered by wars, fires, earthquakes, whippets, destructions by sawing off chunks of sculptures and other kind of damage. They have been scrubbed, cleaned with abrasive substances and eventually reburied again with stained wax. Since Greece got back its independence, the folk and the politic leaders have been fighting to take the Pantheon Marbles back home as well as Britain has fought to keep them in the British National museum. The case had been brought even to the European Union'sCourt of Justice but the marbles are still nowadays so far from their native place. Throughout the history of the world many nations has lost important pieces of their art as well as other countries and populations have stolen them. Whether it's right to keep those masterpieces or give them back to their owner Is a very controversial issue and the world hasn't found the ‘right answer' yet. Everyone Just cares about their own business and they both want to keep other's populations piece of art and have back theirs own.First of all I think we should stop seeing ancient art as a producer of money but as a precious gift to admire. Second of all we should stop seeing those artifacts as a property of that state instead of the other but as a property of the entire world. Having said that I think that every piece of art could have been more enjoyed and admired in its own primal place. And I don't mean Just the country where it's from, but when possible, even the building where it had been placed.I think it should be an extraordinary emotion to see what and how it should kook like many years before us, in the place where that object was made up for, its real home. Many years ago I visited the pyramids, I was a kid so I don't remember it very clearly but I do remember how sad I was when I found out that inside they were almost empty. I expected to found a mummy, sarcophagus, canonic urns and all the stuff that belonged to that pharaoh and that pyramid. I was so disappointed that someone had Just took them away, to bring them who knows where. Years later I the best Egyptian collections I have ever seen.But when I was there I felt so sad, I felt eke a thief because that pieces were not from Turin and neither from Italy and then it didn't look so good as it could look in the pyramids, the real place where they belong. I think art is not Just the piece itself, self-standing, but related to the environment it was designed for. Only in that way it could be admired for its own beauty and purpose. So If I had the power, I'd give every piece of art back to their primal home, and not because of the money or whatever but because there it can shine as no where else in the entire world.

morals of gm foods essays

morals of gm foods essays In this essay I intend to explore the ethical implications of developing genetically modified plants and analyse if the advantages out-weigh the disadvantages. However before I start to discuss the ethical implications of this type of work it is first necessary to clarify exactly what is meant by ethics and genetically modified foods. Ethics are, The study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person; or the rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession: medical ethics. (dictionary.com). In simple terms ethics are the moral code by which we live our lives. They tell us what is right and what is wrong and form our moral conscience. Genetically modified foods are foods where, Desirable genes can be transferred from an organism to a crop plant. (Inge, Rowland and Baker, 2000). This can lead to plants being resistant to viruses and in the case of the corn plant, making it resistant to drought. These are the evident advantages of genetically modified plants but there are disadvantages such as plants being modified so that they become resistant to herbicides and pesticides. If these plants cross-pollinate with other plants then this resistance could spread making plants resistant to all kinds of pathogens. So what are the implications of genetically modified plants? The main concern of many people is the safety of genetically modified plants. This concern arises from the implantation of animals genes into plants and from possible allergic reactions caused by implanting, for example, the genes from a Brazil nut into another product. This did actually happen with the development of a soybean which included a Brazil nut protein however the research was immediately stopped when an allergen problem was detected and the plant was never grown outside of a greenhouse. (Marchant ...

Belt Idioms

Belt Idioms Belt Idioms Belt Idioms By Maeve Maddox A striking headline from The Daily Beast got me thinking about all the expressions that make use of the noun belt: The Rustbelt Roars Back From the Dead I thought a post about belt idioms might be especially useful to ESL speakers. A belt is a strip of flexible material, such as leather, plastic, cloth, used with or without a buckle for wear (usually) around the waist. Some idioms are based on a belt’s narrow shape, like the following epithets for different sections of the United States. Corn Belt This term refers to the region in the north-central Midwest of the United States where corn (maize) and corn-fed livestock are raised. The Corn Belt extends from western Ohio to eastern Nebraska and northeastern Kansas. Cotton Belt This is the region of the South and Southwestern sections of the United States where much cotton is grown. Rust Belt Regions in the Midwest and Northeast that were once centers of manufacturing but which have become the sites of obsolete, abandoned factories are collectively known as the Rust Belt. Bible Belt Sections of the United States, especially in the South and in Middle West, where many residents hold fundamentalist religious beliefs, has long been referred to as the Bible Belt. The AP Stylebook warns journalists to use the term with care â€Å"because in certain contexts it can give offense.† Sun Belt Those states in the South and West, ranging from Florida and Georgia through the Gulf states into California are often referred to as the Sun Belt. Other belt idioms are based on the use of the belt as an article of clothing. to tighten one’s belt The meaning is â€Å"to spend less money.† A person who must spend less money on groceries may be forced to eat less and lose weight as a result. Losing weight makes it possible to fasten a belt more tightly. Example: Just as families and businesses across the nation have tightened their belts, so must the federal government. to get something under your belt This means â€Å"to complete some endeavor seen as necessary.† Example: Aled Davies has his first Grand Prix under his belt. to hit below the belt The meaning is â€Å"to take unfair advantage of someone.† In boxing, striking an opponent below the belt is against the rules. Example: Sarkozy hits below the belt as race for Elysà ©e hots up a belt and braces approach (British) a belt and suspenders approach (American) This refers to a way of doing things that involves more than the usual amount of caution. Either a belt or a pair of braces or suspenders is sufficient to hold up one’s trousers. Using both is excessive. Example: The combination of these factors- change in key staff and rapid growth- meant that there needed to be a â€Å"belt and braces†Ã‚  approach  to quality management  and staffing.   Constitutional protections seem to represent a belt and suspenders approach. put a notch on one’s belt This idiom can mean â€Å"to defeat an opponent† or t†o add something to a collection.† According to the lore of the Old West, every time a gunfighter killed a man, he cut a notch on his gun handle or along the edge of his gun belt. Example: For DeMint, the Moran victory is  another notch  on the  belt. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 15 Lessons for Mixing Past and Present TenseComma Before Too?

16 Misquoted Quotations

16 Misquoted Quotations 16 Misquoted Quotations 16 Misquoted Quotations By Mark Nichol Many quotations attributed to famous people are at best paraphrases though often superior to the original. Others might be subtly altered in the retelling, sometimes with little impact on their effect, at other times irresponsibly changing the meaning. Here is a selection of well-known sayings or writings that aren’t quite accurate (followed by a couple that are but are mistakenly identified as erroneous): 1. â€Å"Be the change you wish to see in the world.† This quotation attributed to Gandhi is a later invention by an unknown person, likely inspired by the following passage: â€Å"As a man changes his own nature, so does the attitude of the world change towards him. . . . We need not wait to see what others do.† 2. â€Å"First they ignore you. Then they laugh at you. Then they attack you. Then you win.† Gandhi was also credited with this pithy progression, but something like it was actually uttered in a speech at a union meeting in the United States in 1914: â€Å"First they ignore you. Then they ridicule you. And then they attack you and want to burn you. And then they build monuments to you.† 3. â€Å"Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned.† This is an amended version of a line by playwright William Congreve, who flourished around the turn of the eighteenth century. The actual comment is â€Å"Heaven has no rage like love to hatred turned / Nor hell a fury like a woman scorned.† 4. â€Å"I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.† As with many of these lines, the person to whom it is attributed in this case, Voltaire, perhaps would have wished he had been so eloquent. This ringing pronouncement, however, derives not from the French philosopher’s own pen, but from an early-twentieth-century biography of him. 5. â€Å"Methinks the lady doth protest too much.† This is a slightly recast alteration of Queen Gertrude’s response to Hamlet’s query about how his mother likes the play he has, unbeknownst to her, scripted to prompt a guilty reaction from her and King Claudius, who Hamlet believes conspired to murder his father. She is saying that the character of the queen is trying too hard to appear innocent. The original, no better or worse merely measured differently is â€Å"The lady doth protest too much, methinks.† 6. â€Å"Money is the root of all evil.† This alteration of a biblical verse, by omitting a vital element of the original, changes the meaning significantly. The verse actually reads, â€Å"For the love of money is the root of all evil.† 7. â€Å"Power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely.† This misquotation lacks the equivocation of British historian Lord Action’s actual statement, â€Å"Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely† and omits the blunt next sentence: â€Å"Great men are almost always bad men.† 8. â€Å"Music hath charms to soothe the savage beast.† The actual quote, from the same play from which the line in the third entry above is taken, is â€Å"Music hath charms to soothe a savage breast.† The next line, elaborating on the theme, is â€Å"To soften Rocks, or bend a knotted Oak.† 9. â€Å"Nice guys finish last.† Legendary baseball manager Leo Durocher wasn’t making a blanket statement when he uttered these four words. They are a contracted repetition of his assessment of a baseball team’s prospects for the season. The entire quotation is â€Å"All nice guys. They’ll finish last. Nice guys finish last.† 10. â€Å"No rest for the wicked.† This line, uttered jocularly by a busy person, perhaps as an excuse for departing, is probably inspired by the biblical verse â€Å"There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked.† 11. â€Å"Now is the winter of our discontent.† These first few words of Shakespeare’s Richard III are often expressed to mean â€Å"The present time is the winter of our discontent.† What the titular character means, however, is made clear by including the second part of the statement, which demonstrates that the phrase is merely a preface to the counterpoint of a reference to better times: â€Å"Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by this sun of York.† 12. â€Å"Pride comes before a fall.† This is a contracted version of the biblical verse â€Å"Pride goeth before destruction, and an haughty spirit before a fall.† 13. â€Å"Reports of my death have been greatly exaggerated.† Mark Twain’s actual comment is more straightforward: â€Å"The report of my death is an exaggeration.† In addition, the statement is in reference not to a prematurely printed obituary but to a reporter’s inquiry about his health. 14. â€Å"The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.† This quotation is a vast improvement over this vaguely similar statement by Irish-born British statesman Edmund Burke: â€Å"When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle.† 15. â€Å"Theirs but to do or die.† The legendary phrase from Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s â€Å"The Charge Of The Light Brigade† has a subtly but significantly different penultimate word. The entire line reads, â€Å"Theirs not to reason why / Theirs but to do and die.† 16. â€Å"Water, water everywhere, and not a drop to drink.† The line from Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s â€Å"Rime of the Ancient Mariner† has been tidied up a bit. The original is â€Å"Water, water, every where, / Nor any drop to drink.† Two other well-known statements considered to be misquotes are actually later versions of lesser-known comments. Winston Churchill’s phrase â€Å"Blood, sweat, and tears,† widely believed to be an erroneous version of â€Å"I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat,† is actually a more concise and euphonious update of the more extended form. By the same token, â€Å"I laughed all the way to the bank† is an alleged misquotation (and misunderstanding of Liberace’s quip â€Å"I cried all the way to the bank,† but he actually did use laughed in response to a poor review of a financially successful concert of his. When he later won a lawsuit with compensation stemming from a newspaper’s veiled contention that he was gay (the nerve!), he altered the earlier utterance with a change of verb to reply to a query about whether the accusation made him distraught. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingThe Possessive ApostropheCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

See Asignment criteria- request for writer 5689 of possible Essay

See Asignment criteria- request for writer 5689 of possible - Essay Example sidered the height of the romantic manifestation with regard to the [Spanish] stage,’ explicitly references its central theme of Destiny in the title – ‘la fuerza del sino’ as it applies to the struggle and ultimate defeat of the protagonist (Young 1933, 278). Within the typical Sturm und Drang Romantic expression, Rivas utilises a conception of ‘fate’ to explore and undermine the obsolescing social hierarchy that dominated contemporary Spanish life. Yet the question remains unclear: what exactly is the nature, the driving force of this conceived destiny? Does this demonstrate the movement of divine providence, or is this more akin to the fatalistic destiny of the Greeks? As the story progresses, the thread of fate that propels the action reveals itself to be profoundly fatalistic, not the orchestration of an omnipotent God but the engine of the myriad unseen forces that surround and enshround Don à lvaro in his journey through despair. This fatalism draws its roots most profoundly from the tradition of Greek tragedy in which destiny always played a primary role. Yet Rivas develops advances on this fatalistic tradition, showing through the random twists delivered by destiny’s hand the massively destructive forces of the familial Spanish hierarchy, which from the beginning envelop the protagonist in the shackles of old custom. It is these, Rivas declares audaciously through his play, that make up the very essence of dest iny. It is these, the forces of society, which create the fatalistic reality in which all his characters, and by extension the whole of Spanish populiation, are doomed to their allotted existence. The fatalistic concept fundamental to Greek tragedy is the act of transgression, the fatal flaw caused by hubris, or believing oneself to be above divine law, which transgression in the protagonist’s own demise. This act of transgression could be something as active as Prometheus’ theft of divine fire, for which he was savagely

Gay Marriage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gay Marriage - Research Paper Example The following are the approaches that have been used to attempt to solve the standoff. 1. Political Approach The gay community has been needlessly subjected to negative tagging by the ‘straight.’ This has left authorities with no choice but to adjust the law in order to protect this minority group from intolerant and homophobic treatments. But is it true that the gay are victims of homophobia and intolerance from the straight society? â€Å"Homophobia is the hatred or fear of homosexuals †¦ sometimes leading to acts of violence and expressions of hostility.† (Anti-Defamation League, 2001). Fear and hatred of homosexuals is something that should be condemned in bold letters. Supporting Proposition 8 therefore exposes the gay to unjust and unfair treatment. However, only extremist individuals and groups come to this extent of being out-rightly insolent against the gay-and this is totally unacceptable. If someone is peacefully expressing their opinion against ho mosexuality because they think it is wrong, should they be termed intolerant and homophobic? If a church-based organization says it cannot admit gay individuals because its value system does not allow such, is that intolerance? Not any more than than Tyson (Meat Company) can join the American Vegetarian Association! It is not intolerant, it is just plain unreasonable. Cost of Implementation Not everyone who opposes homosexuality hates or fears the gay: they are simply expressing their opinion and practicing their freedom of expression. Apparently, the gay are cushioned by the law, such that they can get away with something that other people don’t. For instance, is it not ‘freedom of expression’ to talk against religion and the religious, but not against homosexuality? Jennifer Roback says, â€Å"I’m voting ‘yes’ on 8, not because of my views of gays and lesbians, but because of my views about marriage. I view marriage as a gender-based instit ution that attaches mothers and fathers to each other and to their children.† (Jennifer Roback, November 1 2008). Is it fair and just to have children in a situation where they cannot utter ‘mum’ or ‘dad’, because we adults have disordered these roles? Would a child feel the same way if they were cuddled in the bosom of a ‘male mother’ as they would in that of a ‘real’ mother? No one has the right to abuse homosexuals, but opposing them does not amount to discriminating against them. Rejecting Proposition 8 amounts to giving the gay way too much liberty at the expense of others-especially children; and criminalizing rather honest and kind opinions. 2. Sociological Approach Maggie Gallagher and Joshua K. Baker seem to reject the proposition by positing that gay marriages have no negative implication on the society. They assert that â€Å"†¦ children raised by lesbian and gay parents†¦ do as well if not better than c hildren raised by heterosexual parents† emotionally, socially and educationally. (Gallagher, Maggie and Joshua K. Blake, Pg 2). They posit that the gender of the parents does not matter; provided love, care and protection thrive in the family unit. However, they point at the immense significance there is in a traditional family by admitting that marriage is more than a private emotional relationship. â€Å"It is also a social good; †¦

A history of Greece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A history of Greece - Essay Example A history of Greece War between Athens and Sparta in his book, â€Å"History of the Peloponnesian War†. It was said after his death that the history was recollected through his accounts where he discusses the 27 year war between the two neighbors with strict reliance on evidence and on the philosophy of cause and effect. He is known to be the pioneer of the international relations school of thought â€Å"political realism†. Pericles funeral oration was given by the Athenian General Pericles after the end of the first year of war with Sparta, and it was done to honor and bury the war dead. It was recorded by Thucydides that the war dead would be left in a tent for three days after which they would be buried in Kerameikos, and then someone would sing their praises and tell stories of their braveries. During 431 BC Athens was going through a war with Sparta as already mentioned before, and there were no signs of victory or defeat in sight while the casualties were mounting to unexpected numbe rs.; That was when Pericles delivered this speech to praise the war dead and to sing the praises of the motherland (Athens), and in the end he delivered an epilogue to remind the audience to not speak over the dead. Pericles praises the main qualities of Athenians as the people of a country where they are free. They are all equal and no one is above the law; they live a free life and can sustain any life they want. He says that the people of Athens welcome immigrants from neighboring regions with open arms to come and see the prosperity of the Athenian people. According to him, the equality and openness raised the rank of Athens and established it as a great city of Greece. Pericles praises the people of Athens by proclaiming that the principle of the Athenian men is to die with honor and not to submit to the Spartans because, according to him, Athenian men consider it honorable to die rather than live while in submission to the oppressors and their enemies. Pericles considers Athen ian men to be free, and for them freedom means happiness and to be able to sustain happiness. They are brave and this is the reason why they are not afraid to go to war with any nation including Sparta. According to Pericles Athens was a nation by far better than Sparta. Sparta were blood thirsty warmongers whose life began and ended with wars, while Athens was a country that loved art and literature. Pericles contrasted that Athens welcomed foreigners to its country while Spartans were much jealous of the achievements of the Athenian people and envied their freedom and prosperity. He says that Athens is a democracy where decisions are not to be made by one individual but through unanimous agreement, thus implying that such is not the case in Sparta. He further exemplifies Athens by stating that in Athens, unlike in Sparta, equal justice is available to all people and this is one of the elements that differentiates Sparta from Athens where a person is identified by his deeds and not by wealth and neither does the government interfere in the life of any individual as long as he serves the state. The Athenian society was near perfect according to the speech done by Pericles. Although this might have been done so as to raise the courage of the fellow Athenians, his accounts have been considered correct by many historians who. Athens’s plusses were its art and literature, the freedom that

Principles of Accounting-- ratio analysis Essay

Principles of Accounting-- ratio analysis - Essay Example This report provides the financial analysis of e-Generation. Financial ratios will be used as the main approach of financial analysis. Horizontal analysis will also be provided to compare the financial performance of the business in different periods. The calculations will be provided based on the software generated financial information for the business. Although the ratios will be provided for the month of January, comparison will be made between the results at the end of January and the results on 10th of January. This analysis will be important in understanding and evaluating the performance of the business in order to acquire information necessary for decision making by stakeholders. There was higher profit margin in period 2 than period 1. The profit margin foe e-Generation for period is 10.61%. This means that for every unit of sales the company makes 0.1061 profits (Sutton, 2004). This means that the company is making positive profit. This reflects a decrease from the profit margin of period 3 which was 13.38%. Therefore, the company controlled its expenses in period 3 better than period 4. The company did not control its expenses consistently throughout the moth because profit margin ratio fluctuated. Period 2’s gross profit margin was lower than period 1’s. The gross profit for period 4 was 26.3% meaning that the company made a gross profit of 0.263 for every unit of sales. This is a good performance and an increase from period 3. This means that the business managed its cost of sales in period 4 more than period 3. The return on assets ratio was 4.08% in period 4 which means that for every single unit of asset the business earns a profit of 0.0408. In period 3, the business record ROA of 3.7% which means that the company earned more profits for every unit of assets in period 4 compared to the period 3. In period 1 ROE was low compared to period 2. The ROE at period 4 is 12.06% which indicates that the company made a profit

Human Nervemuscle Interaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Nervemuscle Interaction - Essay Example When the threshold potential or firing level was reached, an action potential was created causing Na++ influx. This in turn made the inside of the cell more positive causing it to be depolarized. This action potential was propagated along the entire length of the nerve by salutatory conduction. As the nerve nears its termination, it loses its myelin sheath and divides into terminal buttons. The action potential caused the voltage-gated Ca++ channels to open resulting in Ca++ influx. The Ca++ then triggered the synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitter (in this case, acetylcholine (AcH)) to fuse with the plasma membrane causing it to release its contents to the neuromuscular (NMJ) junction. The AcH then fused with the nicotinic receptors on the motor end plate of the muscle consequential in the opening of Na++ channels. This created an end plate potential until it reached its threshold potential and brought about the potential to be conducted away in both directions along the muscle fiber. The potential traversed down the T- tubules and reached the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The end plate potential caused a conformational change in the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) which initiated the ryanodine receptor (RYR) to release the Ca++ (Berne, et.al, 2006). The Ca++ then binds with the Troponin C, causing exposure of the active site in the actin. The myosin head then attached to the active site, and with ATP, performed a "power stroke" causing shortening and contraction of the muscle. This is the contraction seen when the thumb moves towards the palm (abduction). However, the contraction seen as a response to the electric stimulation is not tetanic, meaning it is not sustained; therefore a relaxation period occurs as well. In order for the muscle contraction to stop, the Ca++ attached to the Troponin C must be sequestered back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This is done by the Ca++ -Mg++ ATPase. Only when there is cessation of the interaction between actin and m yosin can muscle relaxation occur. Consequently, in order for repolarization of the motor end plate, the AcH that has attached to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the motor end plate is broken down by acetylcholinesterase, which hydrolysis Ach to acetate and choline. Re-uptake of these products then occurs by the pre-synaptic neuron for synthesis of new AcH. 2.) The normal nerve conduction velocity for myelinated nerves is 50-60 m/s, depending on the diameter of the nerve and as to its myelination. The greater the diameter size, the faster the conduction velocity. Similarly, myelinated neurons are also faster conductors than unmyelinated neurons. Our results yielded a NCV of 44 m/s which is not within the range but is near the accepted values. Latency or time that the impulse took to travel within the axon is expected to be longer from the elbow compared to the wrist due to the increased distance from the thumb. However, if we are to consider the fiber type of the ulnar nerve, which is an -motor neuron, the NCV that we got was significantly less than the known conduction velocity of 70-120 m/s. Several factors can affect the NCV such as age and temperature. The conduction velocity decreases significantly with decrease temperature and the distal latencies become correspondingly prolonged. (DeLisa, 2005). The standard temperature used in l aboratories is 32oC. It was also found out that the conduction ve

E- Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

E- Commerce - Essay Example Many people call this as the knowledge revolution, characterized by an international data highway that works 24 hours a day, seven days a week. It has been far too long since people have acknowledged that the wired or networked world is revolutionizing business. This phenomenon has paved the way for organizations to better communicate with their market and all the stakeholders involved in the production and selling of goods and services. In a nutshell, companies use technology and electronic mediation not just to reach out to its consumers and suppliers but also to automate back-office tasks and industrial operations while pushing ahead with research and development. eCommerce eCommerce or eBusiness is the most prominent consequence of electronic mediation in business. Here, individuals and organizations can sell and/or purchase goods and services through the Internet. The standard definition for eCommerce has been put forward by the US Census Bureau , which defined eCommerce as â₠¬Å"any transaction completed over a computer-mediated network that involves the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services.† (Storz 2007, p. 126) The Internet, however, is not the only channel by which eCommerce can operate. For instance, transactions can be made through different communication and technological channels such as the phone. Nonetheless, the Internet dominates the electronic commerce today. It was created thanks to the personal computer (PC), telecommunications, business software, as well as the advances in office technology industries. (Shi, p. 25) What ecommerce did for companies is to tear down the traditional bricks and mortar business models and imposing its own brand that features increased performance, speed and cost efficiency. In addition, according to Kellerman (2002), â€Å"globalization is quite unique to eCommerce, permitting the creation of global market areas for many products and services,† and that its â€Å"attribute is â €Å"intelligence, whereby eCommerce is aided by sophisticated information tool, such as databases, search engine and the like.† (p. 128) There are fundamentally two classifications by which eCommerce operates: B2B eCommerce and B2C eCommerce. The transactions that are electronically mediated between enterprises are called business-to-business (B2B) eCommerce, while electronically selling goods and services by a company to its consumers is called as business-to-consumer (B2C) eCommerce. Together they manifest the best possible benefits that a company could reap out of communication and technology. Business to Business With regards to the organization, electronic mediation poses several benefits and opportunities. The most important of these is cost efficiency, productivity and convenience. In the past, for instance, a company would follow the traditional method of procurement, which entails numerous work and human resource in order for products to be bought and sent to the buy er. The consumer would order through a thick and burdensome catalog and would be punished by having to browse each and every page that could rival the number of pages of the telephone directory. After, making the selection, he would then have to phone the selling party, be given several forms to fill, fax his information and proceed with the buy and sell process. This setup can be extremely be aggravated when products and serv

Human Nervemuscle Interaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Nervemuscle Interaction - Essay Example When the threshold potential or firing level was reached, an action potential was created causing Na++ influx. This in turn made the inside of the cell more positive causing it to be depolarized. This action potential was propagated along the entire length of the nerve by salutatory conduction. As the nerve nears its termination, it loses its myelin sheath and divides into terminal buttons. The action potential caused the voltage-gated Ca++ channels to open resulting in Ca++ influx. The Ca++ then triggered the synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitter (in this case, acetylcholine (AcH)) to fuse with the plasma membrane causing it to release its contents to the neuromuscular (NMJ) junction. The AcH then fused with the nicotinic receptors on the motor end plate of the muscle consequential in the opening of Na++ channels. This created an end plate potential until it reached its threshold potential and brought about the potential to be conducted away in both directions along the muscle fiber. The potential traversed down the T- tubules and reached the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The end plate potential caused a conformational change in the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) which initiated the ryanodine receptor (RYR) to release the Ca++ (Berne, et.al, 2006). The Ca++ then binds with the Troponin C, causing exposure of the active site in the actin. The myosin head then attached to the active site, and with ATP, performed a "power stroke" causing shortening and contraction of the muscle. This is the contraction seen when the thumb moves towards the palm (abduction). However, the contraction seen as a response to the electric stimulation is not tetanic, meaning it is not sustained; therefore a relaxation period occurs as well. In order for the muscle contraction to stop, the Ca++ attached to the Troponin C must be sequestered back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This is done by the Ca++ -Mg++ ATPase. Only when there is cessation of the interaction between actin and m yosin can muscle relaxation occur. Consequently, in order for repolarization of the motor end plate, the AcH that has attached to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the motor end plate is broken down by acetylcholinesterase, which hydrolysis Ach to acetate and choline. Re-uptake of these products then occurs by the pre-synaptic neuron for synthesis of new AcH. 2.) The normal nerve conduction velocity for myelinated nerves is 50-60 m/s, depending on the diameter of the nerve and as to its myelination. The greater the diameter size, the faster the conduction velocity. Similarly, myelinated neurons are also faster conductors than unmyelinated neurons. Our results yielded a NCV of 44 m/s which is not within the range but is near the accepted values. Latency or time that the impulse took to travel within the axon is expected to be longer from the elbow compared to the wrist due to the increased distance from the thumb. However, if we are to consider the fiber type of the ulnar nerve, which is an -motor neuron, the NCV that we got was significantly less than the known conduction velocity of 70-120 m/s. Several factors can affect the NCV such as age and temperature. The conduction velocity decreases significantly with decrease temperature and the distal latencies become correspondingly prolonged. (DeLisa, 2005). The standard temperature used in l aboratories is 32oC. It was also found out that the conduction ve

Case Study 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3 - Case Study Example This will cover the whole incident involving Brad Hutchinson. The cause and the circumstances of the incident will be highlighted. It is necessary to protect the reputation of the esteemed TV station. Additionally, the station personnel in the security department should help in investigating the incident in order to obtain substantial information to provide to the public. The incident has compromised the integrity standard, which every media employee should comply with all the time. The effect of this mundane act to the society is that the station will be associated with drug trafficking. The station usually condemns the vice of drug trafficking. This situation will compromise the moral stand of the station. The duty of care regulation for the media station has also been compromised because Hutchinson did not care to avoid criminal activities like indulgence in cocaine trafficking. This will imply that the station will file a case against him for his misdeeds. The other issue, which the station must contend with, is the connection of the station to drug trafficking because Hutchinson works like a WWES-TV station agent. In this regard, the station must engage its lawyer in order to establish the merits of the case and the evidence, which will corroborate the evidence of the police investigators. Pat Albright should be at the forefront in defending the name of WWES-TV station. Additionally, the station should fire Hutchinson immediately and seek another qualified news anchor to replace him. According to Berkman (2008), the station can outsource the news anchor from its peer TV stations or promote its employee to the position for a news anchor. Moreover, this move should be publicized in order to show the public that the station has a good employee disciplinary system. This incident will also erode all the strides the Hutchinson had made as a new anchor at the WWES-TV station. The incident will also affect the relationship of the TV station

Nonlinear Generalized Companding Transform

Nonlinear Generalized Companding Transform Nonlinear Generalized Companding Transform for  Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction in OFDM Eashendra Singh Abstract  Ã¢â‚¬â€ One of the main drawback of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system is its high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the OFDM signal. In this paper a novel non-linear generalized companding scheme called â€Å"Quadrilateral Companding Transform (QCT)† has been proposed to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signal. The proposed method provides additional degrees of freedom in comparison to existing trapezoidal companding, exponential companding and trapezium distribution based companding schemes. This allows more flexibility in designing the companding function, which is useful for the overall OFDM system to achieve low BER with good PAPR reduction capability. Keywords   Complementary cumulative distribution function  (CCDF), peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), bit error rate (BER). INTRODUCTION The modern day phenomenon of increased thirst for more information and the explosive growth of new multimedia wireless applications have resulted in an increased demand for technologies that support very high speed transmission rates, mobility and efficiently utilize the available spectrum and network resources. OFDM is one of the best solutions to achieve this goal and it offers a promising choice for future high speed data rate systems [1], [2]. OFDM has been standardized as part of the IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11g for high bit rate data transmission over wireless LANs [3]. It is incorporated in other applications and standards such as digital audio broadcasting (DAB), digital video broadcasting (DVB), the European HIPERLAN/2 and the Japanese multimedia mobile access communications (MMAC) [4], [5]. However, a major drawback of FDM systems is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signals, resulting in the lower power efficiency, serious signal distortion an d out-of-band radiation when the high power amplifier (HPA) is utilized. Many companding schemes [17]-[23] have been proposed in the literature to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signal. The conventional ÃŽ ¼ law and A-law companding schemes can be used for PAPR reduction, by choosing the suitable value of the parameters ÃŽ ¼ or A, controlling the nonlinearity of the ÃŽ ¼ -law [17] or A -law companding function respectively. But the error performance of both the schemes degrades as both of them introduce high companding distortion in OFDM signal at higher values of ÃŽ ¼ or A. A nonlinear companding transform [18] has been proposed by Jiang et al. to effectively reduce the PAPR of the OFDM signal. In this scheme [18], the Gaussian distributed in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) components of discrete time complex OFDM signal are transformed into a quasi-uniform distribution. In this scheme, the companding function is separately applied to I and Q components of the OFDM signal. The large values of I or Q components of the OFDM signal are compressed, whereas thos e with small I and Q components are enlarged. The PAPR reduction capability and BER performance of this scheme [18], can be optimized by properly choosing the parameters of the companding function. Jiang et al. proposed â€Å"Exponential Companding (EC)† scheme [19] to transform Rayleigh distributed OFDM signal magnitude into uniform distribution. Exponential companding has the advantage of maintaining the constant average power level in the nonlinear companding operation. However, the distribution of large signals is increased by the uniform companding, which makes the PAPR reduction was very limited under the bit error rate (BER) performance degradation. In this paper proposed technique transform the Rayleigh distributed OFDM signal magnitude into Quadrilateral distribution function as shown in figure 2 to achieve an additional degree of freedom over TC [22]. The parameters of quadrilateral distribution are chosen in such a way that it produces least possible companding dis tortion to achieve low BER for a given PAPR. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: In section II, the OFDM system model with quadrilateral companding. The proposed quadrilateral companding and decompanding functions are derived in section III. Mathematical analysis of the PAPR performance of proposed scheme is presented in section IV, simulation results for PAPR performances of the proposed scheme are presented and discussed in the same section and conclusion is summarized in section V. SYSTEM MODEL The block diagram of an OFDM system using companding scheme for PAPR reduction is shown in Fig. 1. Here, I have considered an OFDM system with N subcarriers, in which each of the subcarrier is each of the subcarrier is modulated by M-PSK or M-QAM. As shown in Figure 1.The input binary data sequence is first converted into N parallel data substreams and then these are mapped to the constellation points of M- PSK or M-QAM to achieve desired modulation on each of the subcarriers. After this, subcarrier modulation is performed using IFFT block to obtain the discrete time domain OFDM signal. Let be the N complex modulated data symbols to be transmitted over N subcarriers. The discrete time domain OFDM signal generated after taking IFFT of a block of N modulated data symbols. Discrete time domain OFDM signal is passed through the parallel to serial (S/P) converter and then applied to the compander for reducing the dynamic range or PAPR of the OFDM signal. The companded OFDM signal is appl ied to digital to analog (D/A) converter to get analog signal and then finally amplified using HPA. At the receiver, the received signal is first converted into digital signal using A/D converter. Data in Data out Figure 1. Block diagram of OFDM with companding The digital signal is then expanded by inverse companding function known as decomapnding function. After that subcarrier demodulation is performed by taking the FFT of OFDM signal obtained from expander. Finally, M-PSK or M-QAM decoder is used to decode the received data signal.      PROPOSED COMPANDING TECHNIQUE The quadrilateral companding function h(x) is a nonlinear companding function. It transforms the original probability distribution function of OFDM signal magnitude into a quadrilateral distribution as shown in Figure 2, and hence the name â€Å"Quadrilateral Companding Transform†.This may also be called nonlinear generalized companding transform. Figure 2. Quadrilateral distribution for proposed QCT The symbols notation used throughout this paper are listed in Table 1 for convenience. Table 1: List of symbols used in QCT kth modulated data symbol nth sample of discrete time domain OFDM Signal PDF of original OFDM signal (without companding) CDF of original OFDM signal (without companding) PDF of OFDM signal after companding CDF of OFDM signal after companding Upper-bound of the peak value of OFDM signal Quadrilateral Companding function Quadrilateral Decompanding function The pdf of quadrilateral trapezium distribution can be read from Figure 2 as where h1 , h2, l, a and b are the parameters of quadrilateral distribution as shown in the Figure 2.These parameters (h1 , h2, l, a and b) control the nonlinearity of the companding functions. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of quadrilateral distribution function can be calculated using the following relationship (2) Using (1) and (2) we have Quadrilateral distribution function is bounded in the interval [0,l]. Like EC, TC and TDBC, in this scheme also average power of the OFDM signal before and after companding is kept same, therefore we have (3) As shown in Figure 2, the PDF of quadrilateral trapezium companded OFDM signal lies in the interval [0,l] , therefore, we have, (4) For given values of l, a and b, the parameters ( h1 , h2 ) of the companding function h(x) can be easily calculated using (3) and (4). Therefore, three parameters (l, a and b ) can be chosen independently to control the nonlinearity of companding function h(x) . Hence the proposed QCT has three degree of freedoms. The values of l, a and b should be chosen independently to provide low PAPR and BER. The expression of QCT function h(x) can be derived after equating the CDF of original and companded OFDM signal. Therefore, we have Where is the CDF of original OFDM signal given by following: (5) Therefore we have The output of the N-point Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) of are the OFDM signal sample over one symbol interval, or mathematically, Where E [.] denotes the expectation operator. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS In [22], the PAPR and BER performance of TC has been evaluated for (a = 0.4,b = 0.1 and l = 1.633) , (a = 0.2,b = 0.7 and l = 2.164) , (a = 0,b = 0 and l = 1.732) , (a = 0.9, b = 0.1 and l = 1.488) and (a = 0,b = 1 and l = 2.449) , here we refer to them as ‘TC-1’, ‘TC-2’, ‘EC’, ‘TC-3’ and ‘TC-4’ respectively. In [22], it has been shown that TC-3 provides the best PAPR reduction capability among all the cases under consideration, but its BER performance is very poor, on the other extreme TC-4 provides very less PAPR reduction. Therefore, we ignore these two cases (TC-3 and TC-4) and the remaining three cases i.e. (TC-1, TC-2 and EC), which offer reasonable PAPR are considered in my simulations for comparison with the proposed scheme. To show the outperformance of the proposed scheme (QCT), the PAPR and BER performances are evaluated for two sets of companding function parameters i.e. (a = 0.2,b = 0.7,l = 2.174, h1 = 0.8596 and h2 = 0.8275) and (a = 0.4,b = 0.1,l = 1.643, h1 = 0.8276 and h2 = 0.7874) . Here, we call them as ‘QCT-1’ and ‘QCT-2’. Figure 3. PAPR performance comparision of original and companded signal Figure 4. BER performance comparison of various  companding schemes CONCLUSION The QCT provides extra degrees of freedom to design the companding function and hence by choosing the suitable values of design parameters of the proposed companding function, a good trade-off between the PAPR reduction and the BER can be achieved. The proposed QCT provides better PAPR reduction and BER performance in comparison to TC, EC and TDBC. QCT can achieve a minimum PAPR of 0dB, whereas TC and EC can achieve a minimum PAPR of 3dB and 4.771dB respectively. QCT-2 has superior PAPR performance in comparison to QCT-1 but its BER performance is inferior in comparison to QCT-1. References L. J. Cimini, â€Å"Analysis and simulation of a digital mobile channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,† IEEE Trans. Comm., vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 665–675, July 1985. J. Bingham, â€Å"Multicarrier modulation for data transmission: an idea whose time has come,† IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 5–14, May 1990. M. Schwartz, Mobile Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press, 2005. V. Nee, G. Awater, M. Morikura, H. Takanashi, M. Webster, and K. W. Halford, â€Å"New high-rate wireless LAN standards,† IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 82–88, December 1999. I. Koffman and V. Roman, â€Å"Broadband wireless access solution based on OFDM access in IEEE 802.16,† IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 96–103, April 2002. Van Nee R., Prasad R., OFDM for wireless Multimedia Communications, Artech House, 2003. Weinstein S. B., Ebert P. M., â€Å"Data Transmission for Frequency-Division Multiplexing Using the Discrete Fourier Transform,† IEEE Transactions on Commun. Tech., vol. 19,no. 5, pp. 628–34, Oct. 1971 Chang R. W., â€Å"Synthesis of band-limited orthogonal signals for multichannel datatransmission†, Bell Systems Technical Journal, vol. 46, pp. 1775-1796, Dec. 1966. Despain A. M., â€Å"Very Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms Hardware for Implementation†, IEEE Trans. Comp., Vol. C-28, no. 5, pp. 333-341, May 1979. Bidet E., Castelain D., Joanblanq C., Senn P., â€Å"A fast single-chip implementation of 8192 complex point FFT†, IEEE Journal of Solid State Circ., Vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 300-305,Mar. 1995. Chow P.S., Tu J.C. and Cioffi J.M., â€Å"Performance Evaluation of a Multichannel Transceiver System for ADSL and VHDSL services, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Comm., vol. 9,no. 6, Aug. 1991. R. V. Nee and A. D. Wild, â€Å"Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM,† in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), vol. 3, New York, NY, USA, 1998, pp. 2072–2076. Tao Jiang and Yiyan Wu, â€Å"An Overview: Peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques for OFDM signals†, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 257–268, June 2008. O’Neill R., Lopes L. B., â€Å"Envelope variations and spectral splatter in clipped multicarrier signals,† in Proc. IEEE PIMRC’95, Toronto, Canada, pp. 71–75, Sept. 1995. Li X., Cimini Jr. L.J., â€Å"Effect of Clipping and Filtering on Performance of OFDM†, IEEE Comm. Letters, vol. 2, no. 5, pp.131-133, July 1998. Armstrong J., â€Å"Peak-to-average power reduction for OFDM by repeated clipping and frequencydomain filtering†, Electronics Letters, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 246–247, Feb. 2002. Chen H., Haimmovich A. M., â€Å"Iterative estimation and cancellation of clipping noise for OFDM signals,† IEEE Comm. Letters, vol. 7, no. 5, pp.246-247, July 2003. Jiang T., Xiang W., Richardson P. C., Qu D., Zhu G., â€Å"On the Nonlinear Companding Transform for Reduction in PAPR of MCM Signals†, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 6, no. 6, pp.2017-2021, June 2007. Jiang T., Yang Y., Song Y., â€Å"Exponential companding transform for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems†, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 244–248, June 2005. Huang X., Lu J. H., Zheng J. L., Letaief K. B., Gu J., â€Å"Companding transform for reduction inpeak-to-average power ratio of OFDM signals†, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Comm., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 2030–2039, Nov. 2004. Aburakhia S. A., Badran E. F., Mohamed D. A. E., â€Å"Linear Companding Transform for the Reduction of Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of OFDM Signals†, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 195-200, March 2009. Hou J., Ge J. H., Li J., â€Å"Trapezoidal companding scheme for peak-to-average power ratio reduction of OFDM signals†, Electronics Letters, vol. 45, no. 25, pp. 1349-1351, Dec. 2009. Jeng S. S., Chen J. M., â€Å"Efficient PAPR reduction in OFDM system based on a companding techniques with trapezium distribution†, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 291-298, June 2011. T. Hwang, C. Yang, G. Wu, S. Li, and G. Y. Lee, â€Å"OFDM and its wireless application: A survey,† IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1673–1694, May 2009. Y. Wang and B. Ai, â€Å"PAPR reduction in OFDM systems via nonlinear companding transform†, in 8th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM), pp. 172-175, Sept. 2012.

Jürgen Habermas’ The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere Ess

In this essay I will discuss Jà ¼rgen Habermas’ â€Å"The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: Inquiry into a category of bourgeois society† (1962), and the ideas presented surrounding the public sphere. What I will investigate is whether or not the post-modern phenomenon of new media (e.g. the internet) could in fact present a new-wave of public sphere, or is just another platform for mass-media. I will also explore the public sphere model, and discuss its decline (due to either political or economic reasons). I will look in particular at the 21st Century, and the evidence of a possible public sphere in the modern day, as well as the factors which could have extinguished the public sphere in the early part of the 20th Century, not just looking to Habermas’ philosophy but also other social commentators like Noam Chomsky & Del Sola Poole. The â€Å"Public Sphere† (Habermas 1962) is a term coined by German sociologist and philosopher Jà ¼rgen Habermas, as he believes, the public sphere social structure directly proceeded feudalism in European society. It comes from the two separate factors of the â€Å"public† ( referring to public authority – the state) and the â€Å"private†(referring to the idea of economy, society and the family) coming together for rational critical debate about the world around them. Habermas believes that this was initially started with the â€Å"literary public sphere† which allowed people of all social standing to discuss art and literature, usually in public places like coffee houses and salons. From this branched the political public sphere, where private people (not working for the government, or influenced by it) came together to use reason critically and analysed (and often opposed) ideas present in government. W... ...tion.† Outhwaite, W. ed (1996)† The Habermas Reader† Cambridge UP Crossley, N. & Roberts, J.M (eds.) (2004) â€Å"After Habermas: new perspectives on the public sphere†. Oxford University Press Curran, J (1978)† The press as an agency of social control: an historical perspective.† G, Curran, J. & Wingate P. (eds) Newspaper History: from the 17th Century to the present day. London: constable print Atton, C (2002) â€Å"News cultures and new social movements: Radical journalism and the mainstream media, journalism studies† Brendon, P. (1982) â€Å" The Life and death of press barons†. London: Secker & Warbug Koss S (1984) â€Å" The Rise and Fall of Political Press in Britain: Vol 2- The Twentieth Century† Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, Herman S & Chomsky N (1988) â€Å"Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media† London: Vintage press

Its Time for Education Reform :: Education Reform Essays

  In "Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction," Ralph Tyler stated that we should determine what our children need to learn through analysis of contemporary society (1949). I argue further that we must teach beyond today's situation to prepare our students for an uncertain future. All things considered, students' minimal exposure to technology in schools is mystifying. How can we prepare our students for tomorrow's world when we continue to teach with methods and materials from yesterday? My early experiences as a teacher and in my Master's degree program have inspired me to work to integrate technology into the inquiry and constructivist models of science education. I have proven the value of both my instruction methods and curriculum design abilities in my own Biology classroom, at conferences, and while working with other teachers; however, I find the change I initiate to be frustratingly localized. I want to assume a leadership role outside of the classroom so that my ef forts will influence more teachers and students and, perhaps, make a difference on policy and practice in science education.    Computers naturally engage students, so we must embrace and exploit this powerful bond as a means to serve our goals as educators. Yet throughout my experience in educational settings, the role of technology seems to have been reduced to a flashy, colorful way of reinforcing ineffective and outdated teaching strategies. I have focused my talents as a teacher and curriculum designer on the role of technology in the science classroom. I initiated this work during my Master's degree program, which was focused on technology in education, and began to adapt various computer programs and other devices to my Biology curriculum. During my first year of teaching I worked to bridge the gap between such technologies and my constructivist ideology, not only in Biology but also in Earth Science. I knew that if these amazing resources were to advance the mission of science education, they would have to work with the model, not against it.    Through research programs, curriculum development, and specialized training, I have excelled at the integration of multiple forms of technology with research-supported methods of science instruction. In the summer of 2001, I participated in the E-2020 program, affiliated with the University of Colorado at Denver, which matches teachers with scientists for summer research accompanied by workshops in inquiry instruction. My research took place in the Surface Optical Spectroscopy Laboratory at the Colorado School of Mines, where I learned to perform Raman Scattering.

How does Steinbeck present the relationship between George and Lennie in “Of Mice and Men” Essay

George and lennie’s relationship is unusual from the rest, as they both have each other, while the rest of the raanch workers are alone. They say â€Å"we travel around together† which shows that they always have each others side. The rest of the ranch workers fidn their frienship really weird, because they have never experienced it themselves. I think that Steinbeck is trying to show that relationships were hard to build back in the 1930, hence there werent’ many around. Lennie says â€Å"i got you and you got me,† which suggests that lennie is extrememly happy in having a friend. Perhaps it’s because Lennie too hasn’t ever experienced friendship before. Finally, Carlson says â€Å"wha the hell ya suppose is eatin them guys† which suggest thats he’ll never undertsand what friendship is, as he’s never experienced it before, and perhaps won’t ever experience it ever in the future. George was Lennie’s only hope, he relied fully on him and expected him to tell him all the instructions. Steinbeck could be showing that relatiosnhips don’t last forever, as george killed lennie in the end. Perhaps people knew this hence why they didn’t try to build relationships because they knew what the outcome would be like. There’s more pain in knowing and caring for someone then killing them, than just killing someone without knowing them. Carlson doesn’t undertand this pain, and just continues killing. In the end George is left alone, he’s given up hope on the american dream. However Slim does get close to George which shows it’s no the end, but the beginning of a new life and friendhsip. perhaps Slim will understand George better than Lennie as we found out during the midle of the novel, he has a better compatibility with him.

Land O. Lakes Marketing Strategy

In business, it is essential for management to understand the role and importance of marketing to his or her organization. Management utilizes marketing tools to satisfy the needs of customers, and to gain a better understanding of the product itself. The goal of this paper is to discuss and analyze the distribution practices of Land O Lakes butter. In review of the distribution practices, I will also attempt to show the importance of knowing and understanding the product you are marketing. Distribution Strategies A distribution strategy is in relation to how a company will distribute the product or services they are offering to the consumer.The distribution of a product is essential to the organization. Making sure the product is at the right place at the right time. If the demand for the product is underestimated, the consumer will not be able to purchase the product, which will affect profits. There are two channels of distribution; indirect and direct. Indirect channels of distri bution involve distributing the product to different outlets before it gets to the retailer or consumer, for example the product is sold to a manufacture, then to a wholesaler, and then on to the retailer.Direct channels of distribution involve shipping the product directly from the manufacturer to the consumer. There are several types of distribution strategies. The most common types are intensive distribution, exclusive distribution, and selective distribution. Intensive distribution is more commonly used to distribute low priced or impulse purchases, for example soft drinks. Exclusive distribution involves limited distribution to a single outlet, for example cars. Selective Distribution is when an organization uses a select and small number of outlets to distribute his or her product.Land O Lakes uses an indirect distribution channel and intensive distribution. Distribution Models A distribution model is the manner in which goods move from the manufacturer to the outlet where the consumer purchases them; in some marketplaces, it's a very complex channel, including distributors, wholesaler, jobbers and brokers (Entrepreneur 2010). A distribution model is needed once you have determined how the product will be distributed. Land O Lakes uses the direct distribution model. he producer (farmer), the wholesaler, and then to the retailer, this is similar to that of the conventional distribution model, however, Land O Lakes owns and operates the manufacturing of the product. Distribution Chain A distribution chain refers to the means used to transfer the product or merchandise from the manufacturer to the end user. Land O Lakes is a cooperative, the coop states that it has about 3200 producer-members, 1000 member-cooperatives, and about 9000 employees who process and distribute products for about 300,000 agricultural producers (Land O Lakes, 2010)JIT (Just in Time) Just in time marketing, also called JIT refers to the manufacturing operations of a company. It is in tended to eliminate the wasteful, non value adding tasks and strives for continuous improvement in productivity (Businessihub, 2010). The JIT philosophy was developed in 1970’s by Taiichi Ohno, of Japan. Ohno, developed his philosophy while working with manufacturing plants of Toyota. The primary goal of JIT is to achieve maximum output on a timely basis. Land O Lakes has a similar program it uses to promote and maintain effectiveness. Push vs. PullPush vs. Pull marketing strategies are two different methods for promoting products and services to consumers. Push and Pull marketing is used to define marketing practices for getting the consumer to purchase a particular product or service. Push marketing refers to putting the product or service out to the end user. This can be done through various advertising, such as cold calling, emailing prospective customers, to using a popular website to promote the product. In retail, an example would be in department stores; a salesperson can push or recommend a particular product.Pull marketing refers to an attempt to get the consumer to come and see what product or service your organization is offering. The consumer is enticed so to speak, by the promotions and advertising being presented. Land O Lakes used the pull method of marketing to promote the new butter spread with olive oil, with a commercial of an Olive painted with cow markings, and created the â€Å"Colive†. The promotion included a free coupon to try the spread. Wheel of Retailing Wheels of retailing is a hypothesis of M. P. McNair that explains the patterns of change in retailing.It is new types of retailers who cut prices by lowering or eliminating customer services, once established, the retailer increases prices and customer services. During this process the retailer becomes vulnerable to the next low priced retailer. Types of Wholesalers The U. S. Bureau of the Census defines wholesalers as: The activities of those persons or establishment s which sell to retailers and other merchants, and or to industrial, institutional, and commercial users, but who do not sell in large amounts to final consumers.It is important for marketing managers to understand the role of the wholesaler. There are ten types of wholesalers. The merchant wholesaler owns the products he or she is selling. The general merchandise wholesalers are service wholesalers who carry a variety of non perishable items, such as hardware, cosmetics, furniture, and apparel. The single line wholesalers are also service wholesalers who carry a smaller line of merchandise than the general wholesaler; this type of wholesaler may just carry one item in particular.The specialty wholesalers are a service wholesaler who carry a narrow range of products, but offers more service and information, such as Vitamin Cottage. The cash and carry wholesalers are the same as the service wholesalers except the customer must pay in cash. The drop shipper wholesaler own the products just like merchant sellers, however they do not handle stock or deliveries, and are mainly focused on selling, this type of wholesaler sells products in bulk and gets product orders from other wholesalers and business users.The Truck wholesaler specializes in delivering products he or she stocks in their own trucks, an example of this type of wholesaler would be Mountain Man Candy. The last three types of wholesalers are Mail order wholesalers, Producers’ Cooperatives, and Rack jobbers (2010). Land O Lakes would be considered a producer’s cooperatives. A producer’s cooperative are wholesalers who operate almost as full service wholesalers, however the profits go to the cooperatives customer members (2010). ConclusionIn conclusion, over the past several years business models and strategies have become more advanced. Distribution is important to any organization, to understand how and when the product will get to the consumer. Efficiency is the key. When deciding how to distribute the product to the end user, the marketing manager has to take all aspects of the distribution process into consideration, as well as what the consumer wants. After all, the customer is the one to please, if you want the product to sell.

Food Channels Culture in Pakistan

To make something palatable and delicious, all u need is some boneless chicken, some cheese, fresh cream and mushrooms, mix well and fry in plenty of olive oil. Serve in Italian crockery and garnish with French olives. Stay†¦Please doesn’t rush to the kitchen. I am only reminding you that this is the actual way of cooking, we hear these days. I am sure you all are well aware of the timings of your favorite and famous cooking shows. It is the time when every sister mother and possibly you too hang in front of TV set with a pen and note pad to note down the recipe of mouth watering dishes.By taking a U-turn from cultural Aloo Gosht, one might feel himself a part of this fashionable era. Food has always been a big part of the Pakistani culture, but with the current revolution in the means of media, the food industry in Pakistan seems to have exploded. Food is ubiquitous in Pakistan. Exclusive food channels are growing day by day which broadcast cooking shows throughout the d ay. Newspapers and magazines are filled with advertisements and recipes for food items.One might even get the impression that the Pakistanis live to eat, rather than the other way around. And yet, buried underneath this apparent feast of excesses, lies a shameful secret. Pakistan is the country where people are deprived of basic necessities of life; easy approach to food has become a misery. This is the time when the country has faced a catastrophic flood which has devastated 1/5th of the country and affected 20 million people. Food crisis are bigger then tsunami and millions of people have been starving.Still the motto of our cooking channels is â€Å"eat all; enjoy all†. The present state in which we survive, simplicity is the best policy. In the contrary the cooking channels promote extravagancy. Each program prepares three to six dishes at a time and also promotes the idea of starters and sweet dish along with the main meal. Separate meal for the children is out of questi on. By watching this, one may assume that the children are born to eat burgers, French fries, nuggets and drinks. The ingredients, used in cooking shows, compete the gold prices.Every meal starts with boneless chicken and ends up with the display of foreign crockery. The people, who can afford this, have their meals in five star restaurants or in the home, made by their cook. The rests stay desperate and heart broken. The channels claim that the way to win the goodwill of husband and in laws is through the kitchen. Obviously in a country like Pakistan nobody can deny the above statement but the question is what the husband would do when his wife will spend half of his month’s salary in her one day’s cooking experience.Ultimately the goodwill will convert to ill will. Our religion commands us to lead a simple life and Our Holy Prophet (Peace be upon him) is the best example of it. Hadith says that â€Å"Who ever adopts moderation can not be bankrupt†. In the curr ent scenario Pakistan can not afford such extravagancy. Cooking shows are not inadequate if they are really earnest in training women and society in simple and positive manner. Food is a basic human right and a necessity but eating food should not be a luxury.